Articles

Civil Litigation

Extempore

Reasons or judgments are said to be given “extempore” if they are given straight away at the end of a hearing. Understandably, the parties are keen to know the outcome as soon as possible so they generally prefer an extempore decision. This is entirely in the hands of the judge.

Final submissions or closing submissions

The closing speech or written submissions in a hearing. Both the claimant and defendant or their representatives are expected to make a closing speech summarising the main factual points arising from the evidence and to provide legal argument. Sometimes final or closing submissions are given in writing instead of or in addition to the closing […]

Freedom of Information Act 2000

A statute that enables members of the public to obtain access to information from public authorities. This enabled access to and revelation of information which led to the Parliamentary expenses scandal. It can be particularly useful to the employee if their employer is a public authority such as a council. Heather Brooke’s book “Your Right […]

Gender reassignment

A personal, social, and sometimes medical process by which a person’s gender presentation (the way they appear to others) is changed. Anyone who proposes to, starts or has completed the process to change his or her gender is protected from discrimination under the Equality Act 2010.